Westley Documentation

Copyright (C) 2004 Ushodaya Enterprised Limited
Authors: Charles Yates <charles.yates@pandora.be>
Last Revision: 2004-03-20


WESTLEY
-------

Preamble:

	Westley is the MLT projects XML serialisation/deserialisation format -
	as such, it closely mirrors the internal structure of the MLT API.

	If you just want to go straight to the DTD, then see 
	mlt/src/modules/westley/westley.dtd, which gets installed at 
	$(prefix)/share/mlt/modules/westley.dtd. Currently, the westley parser is
	non-validating.


Introduction:

	A westley document is essentially a list of 'producers' - a producer is
	an mlt object which generates mlt frames (images and associated audio
	samples). 
	
	There are 3 types of producer:
	
	* Basic Producers - these are typically file or device oriented feeds; 
	* Playlists - these are arrangements of multiple producers;
	* Multitracks - these are the fx encapsulators.

	In the mlt model, producers are created and attached to 'consumers' -
	consumers are software playback components (such as SDL), or wrappers for
	hardware drivers (such as bluefish) or even the westley serialising
	consumer itself (the latter doesn't receive frames - it merely
	interrogates the connected producer for its configuration).

	Although westley was defined as a serialisation mechanism for instantiated 
	MLT components, this document will concentrate on the hand authoring of 
	westley documents.


Rules:

	As shall become apparent through the remainder of this document, the basic
	tenet of westley authoring is to organise the document in the following
	manner:

	1) create producer elements for each unique media clip in the project;
	2) create playlists for each track;
	3) create a multitrack and specify filters and transitions;
	4) adding global filters.

	While other uses of westley exist, the approach taken here is to maximise
	efficiency for complex projects. 


Basic Producers:

	The simplest westley document is:

	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	</westley>

	The westley wrapping is of course superfluous here - loading this document
	with MLT is identical to loading the clip directly. 

	Of course, you can specify additional properties. For example, consider an
	MPEG file with multiple soundtracks - you could define a westley document to
	ensure that the second audio track is loaded:

	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.mpeg</property>
	    <property name="audio_track">1</property>
	  </producer>
	</westley>

	NB: This relies on the mpeg being handled by the avformat producer, rather
	than the mcmpeg one. See services.txt for more details.

	A more useful example comes with the pango producer for a text producer.

	TODO: pango example...

	Notes:

	1) It is better not to specify in/out points when defining basic producers
	as these can be specified in the playlists. The reasoning is that in/out
	restricts the amount of the clip available, and could lead to the same clip
	being loaded multiple times if you need different regions of the clip
	elsewhere;
	2) A westley can be specified as a resource, so westleys can naturally
	encapsulate other westleys.


Playlists:

	Playlists provide a 'collection' structure for producers. These can be used
	to define 'tracks' in the multitrack approach, or simple playlists for
	sequential, single track playout.

	As an example, the following defines two basic producers and a playlist with 3
	items:

	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <producer id="producer1">
	    <property name="resource">clip2.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <playlist id="playlist0">
	    <entry producer="producer0" in="0" out="2999"/>
	    <entry producer="producer1" in="0" out="999"/>
	    <entry producer="producer0" in="3000" out="6999"/>
	  </playlist>
	</westley>

	Here we see how the playlist defines the in/out points of the basic
	producers.

	Notes:

	1) All in/out points are absolute frame positions relative to the producer
	being appended to the playlist;
	2) Westley documents are currently authored for a specific normalisation;
	3) The last 'producer' in the document is the default for play out;
	4) Playlists can reference the same producer multiple times. In/out regions
	do not need to be contiguous - duplication and skipping is acceptable.


Interlude - Introducing Multitracks:

	So far we've defined basic producers and playlists/tracks - the tractor is
	the element that allows us to arrange our tracks and specify filters and
	transitions. Similarly to a playlist, a tractor is a container.

	Note that MLT doesn't see a filter or a transition as a producer in the
	normal sense - filters and transitions are passive when it comes to seeking.
	Internally, seeks are carried out on the producers. This is an important
	point - MLT does not follow a traditional graph oriented model.

	Visualising an MLT tractor and it's interaction with the consumer will
	assist here:

	+----------------------------------------------+
	|tractor                                       |
	| +----------+    +-+    +-+    +-+    +-+     |
	| |multitrack|    |f|    |f|    |t|    |t|     |
	| | +------+ |    |i|    |i|    |r|    |r|     |
	| | |track0|-|--->|l|- ->|l|- ->|a|--->|a|\    |
	| | +------+ |    |t|    |t|    |n|    |n| \   |
	| |          |    |e|    |e|    |s|    |s|  \  |
	| | +------+ |    |r|    |r|    |i|    |i|   \ |    +--------+
	| | |track1|-|- ->|0|--->|1|--->|t|--->|t|-----|--->|consumer|
	| | +------+ |    | |    | |    |i|    |i|   / |    +--------+
	| |          |    | |    | |    |o|    |o|  /  |         ^
	| | +------+ |    | |    | |    |n|    |n| /   |         |
	| | |track2|-|- ->| |- ->| |--->|0|- ->|1|/    |         |
	| | +------+ |    | |    | |    | |    | |     |         |
	| +----------+    +-+    +-+    +-+    +-+     |         |
	+----------------------------------------------+         |
	       ^                                                 |
	       |                                                 |
	+-----------+                                            |
	|APPLICATION|--------------------------------------------+
	+-----------+

	Internally, all frames from all tracks pass through all the filters and
	transitions - these are told which tracks to deal and which regions of the
	tracks to work on. 

	Note that the application communicates with the producer - it can alter
	playback speed, position, or even which producer is connected to which
	consumer. 
	
	The consumer receives the first non-blank frame (see below). It has no say
	in the order in which gets them (the sdl consumer when used with inigo might 
	appear to be an exception - it isn't - it simply has a route back to the 
	application to allow the application to interpret key presses).


Tractors:

	To create a multitrack westley, we can use two playlists and introduce a
	tractor. For the purposes of demonstration, I'll add a filter here too:

	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <producer id="producer1">
	    <property name="resource">clip2.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <playlist id="playlist0">
	    <entry producer="producer0" in="0" out="2999"/>
	    <blank length="1000"/>
	    <entry producer="producer0" in="3000" out="6999"/>
	  <playlist id="playlist1">
	    <blank length="3000"/>
	    <entry producer="producer1" in="0" out="999"/>
	  </playlist>
	  <tractor id="tractor0">
	    <multitrack>
	      <track producer="playlist0"/>
	      <track producer="playlist1"/>
	    </multitrack>
	    <filter>
	      <property name="track">0</property>
	      <property name="mlt_service">greyscale</property>
	    </filter>
	  </tractor>
	</westley>
	
	Here we see that blank frames are inserted into the first playlist and a
	blank is provided at the beginning of the second - this can be visualised in
	the traditional timeline widget as follows:

	+-------+   +-------------+
	|a      |   |a            |
	+-------+---+-------------+
	        |b  |
	        +---+
	
	Adding the filter on the top track, gives us:

	+-------+   +-------------+
	|a      |   |a            |
	+-------+---+-------------+
	|greyscale                |
	--------+---+-------------+
	        |b  |
	        +---+
	
	Note that it's only applied to the visible parts of the top track.

	The requirement to apply a filter to the output, as opposed to a specific 
	track leads us to the final item in the Rules section above. As an example, 
	let's assume we wish to watermark all output, then we could use the 
	following:

	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <producer id="producer1">
	    <property name="resource">clip2.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <playlist id="playlist0">
	    <entry producer="producer0" in="0" out="2999"/>
	    <blank length="1000"/>
	    <entry producer="producer0" in="3000" out="6999"/>
	  <playlist id="playlist1">
	    <blank length="3000"/>
	    <entry producer="producer1" in="0" out="999"/>
	  </playlist>
	  <tractor id="tractor0">
	    <multitrack>
	      <track producer="playlist0"/>
	      <track producer="playlist1"/>
	    </multitrack>
	    <filter>
	      <property name="track">0</property>
	      <property name="mlt_service">greyscale</property>
	    </filter>
	  </tractor>
	  <tractor id="tractor1">
	    <multitrack>
	      <track producer="tractor0"/>
	    </multitrack>
	    <filter>
	      <property name="mlt_service">watermark</property>
	      <property name="resource">watermark1.png</property>
	    </filter>
	  </tractor>
	</westley>
	
	Here we employ another tractor and we define a single track (being the
	tractor we previously defined) and apply a watermarking filter there.

	This is simply provided as an example - the watermarking functionality could
	be better handled at the playout stage itself (ie: as a filter automatically
	placed between all producers and the consumer).

	Tracks act like "layers" in an image processing program like the GIMP. The 
	bottom-most track takes highest priority and higher layers are overlays 
	and do not appear unless there are gaps in the lower layers or unless
	a transition is applied that merges the tracks on the specifed region.
	Practically speaking, for A/B video editing it does not mean too much, 
	and it will work as expected; however, as a general rule apply any CGI
	(graphic overlays with pixbuf or titles with pango) on tracks higher than
	your video tracks. Also, this means that any audio-only tracks that are
	lower than your video tracks will play rather than the audio from the video
	clip. Remember, nothing is affected like mixing or compositing until one
	applies a transition or appropriate filter.
	
	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <playlist id="playlist0">
	    <entry producer="producer0"/>
	  </playlist>
	  <producer id="producer1">
	    <property name="resource">clip2.mpeg</property>
	  </producer>
	  <playlist id="playlist1">
	    <blank length="50"/>
	    <entry producer="producer1"/>
	  </playlist>
	  <tractor id="tractor0" in="0" out="315">
	    <multitrack id="multitrack0">
	      <track producer="playlist0"/>
	      <track producer="playlist1"/>
	    </multitrack>
	    <transition id="transition0" in="50" out="74">
	      <property name="a_track">0</property>
	      <property name="b_track">1</property>
	      <property name="mlt_service">luma</property>
	    </transition>
	    <transition id="transition1" in="50" out="74">
	      <property name="a_track">0</property>
	      <property name="b_track">1</property>
	      <property name="mlt_service">mix</property>
	      <property name="start">0.0</property>
	      <property name="end">1.0</property>
	    </transition>
	  </tractor>
	</westley>

	A "luma" transition is a video wipe processor that takes a greyscale bitmap
	for the wipe definition. When one does not specify a bitmap, luma performs
	a dissolve. The "mix" transition does an audio mix, but it interpolates
	between the gain scaling factors between the start and end properties - 
	in this example, from 0.0 (none of track B) to 1.0 (all of track B). 
	Because the bottom track starts out with a gap specified using the <blank>
	element, the upper track appears during the blank segment. See the demos and
	services.txt to get an idea of the capabilities of the included transitions.

Flexibility:

	The information presented above is considered the MLT Westley "normal"
	form. This is the output generated by the westley consumer, for example,
	when used with inigo. It is the output generated when you use the
	"Westley to File" consumer in the demo script, which beginners will find
	most useful for learning to use westley XML. This section describes 
	alternative forms the westley producer accepts.

	First of all, the normal form is more of a linear format with producers
	and playlists defined prior to their usage in a multitrack. Westley
	also accepts a hierarchical format with producers as children of tracks
	or playlist entries and with playlists as children of tracks:

	<westley>
	  <tractor>
	    <multitrack>
	      <track>
	        <playlist>
	          <entry>
	            <producer>
	              <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	            </producer>
	          </entry>
	        </playlist>
	      </track>
	    </multitrack>
	  </tractor>
	</westley>

	Obviously, this example is meant to demonstrate hierarchy and not effective
	use of playlist or multitrack!

	Secondly, as part of error handling, westley is forgiving if you fail to
	supply <tractor>, <track>, and <entry> where one can be understood. This
	affords an abbreviated syntax that is less verbose and perhaps less 
	intimidating for a human to read and understand. One can simplify the
	above example as:

	<westley>
	  <multitrack>
	    <playlist>
	      <producer>
	        <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	      </producer>
	    </playlist>
	  </multitrack>
	</westley>

	Yes, filters and transitions can be added to the above example after the
	closing multitrack tag (</multitrack>) because it is still enclosed within
	the westley body tags.

	If you specify in and out on a producer and it has been enclosed within
	an <entry> or <playlist>, then the edit points apply to the playlist
	entry and not to the producer itself. This facilitates re-use of media:

	<playlist>
	  <producer id="clip1" in="25" out="78">
	    <property name="resource">clip1.dv</property>
	  </producer>
	  <entry producer="clip1" in="119" out="347"/>
	</playlist>

	In the above example, the producer attribute of the entry element is 
	a reference to the preceding producer. All references must follow the 
	definition. The edit points supplied on the producer above will not affect
	the entry that references it below because westley knows the clip is a 
	playlist entry and optimises this situation. The advantage is that one
	does not need to determine every clip to be included ahead of time 
	and specify them outside the context of the mutlitrack timeline.

	This form of authoring will be easier for many to visualise as a non-linear 
	editor's timeline. Here is a more complex example:

	<westley>
	  <multitrack>
	    <playlist>
	      <producer id="foo" in="100" out="149">
	        <property name="resource">clip2.mpeg</property>
	      </producer>
	      <blank length="25"/>
	      <entry producer="foo" in="10" out="59"/>
	    </playlist>
	    <playlist>
	      <blank length="25"/>
	      <producer id="bar" in="100" out="199">
	        <property name="resource">clip3.mpeg</property>
	      </producer>
	      <entry out="99" producer="bar"/>
	    </playlist>
	  </multitrack>
	  <filter mlt_service="greyscale" track="0"/>
	  <transition mlt_service="luma" in="25" out="49" a_track="0" b_track="1"/>
	  <transition mlt_service="luma" in="75" out="99" a_track="0" b_track="1">
	    <property name="reverse" value="1"/>
	  </transition>
	</westley>

	Did you notice something different in the last example? Properties can be 
	expressed using XML attributes on the element as well. However, only 
	non-service-specific properties are supported in this way. For example,
	"mlt_service" is available to any producer, filter, or transition. However,
	"resource" is actually service-specific. Notice the syntax of the last 
	property, on the last transition. Westley accepts property values using 
	the "value" attribute as well as using element text.

	We have seen a few different ways of expressing property values. There are
	a couple more for properties that can accept XML data. For example, the
	GDK pixbuf producer with librsvg can handle embedded SVG, and the Pango
	producer can handle embedded Pango markup. You can enclose the embedded XML
	using a CDATA section:

	<property name="resource"><![CDATA[ <svg>...</svg> ]]></property>

	Please ensure the opening CDATA tag immediately follows the opening
	property tag and that the section closing tag immediately precedes the
	closing property tag.

	However, westley can also accept inline embedded XML:

	<property name="resource">
	  <svg>
	  </svg>
	</property>

	Currently, there is no namespace handling so a conflict will occur only on 
	any embedded XML that contains an element named "property" because 
	westley collects embedded XML until it reaches a closing property tag.
	
	
Entities and Parameterisation:
	
	The westley producer parser supports XML entities. An example:
	
	<?xml version="1.0"?>
	<!DOCTYPE westley [
	    <!ENTITY msg "Hello world!">
	]>
	<westley>
	  <producer id="producer0">
	    <property name="mlt_service">pango</property>
	    <property name="text">&msg;</property>
	  </producer>
	</westley>
	
	If you are embedding another XML document into a property value not using
	a CNODE section, then any DOCTYPE section must be relocated before any of
	the xml elements to be well-formed. See demo/svg.westley for an example.
	
	Entities can be used to parameterise westley! Using the above example, the
	entity declared serves as the default value for &msg;. The entity content
	can be overridden from the resource property supplied to the westley
	producer. The syntax is the familiar, url-encoded query string used with
	HTTP, e.g.: file?name=value&name=value...
	
	There are a couple of rules of usage. The Miracle LOAD command and inigo
	command line tool require you to preface the URL with "westley:" because
	the query string destroys the filename extension matching peformed by
	Fezzik. Also, inigo looks for '=' to tokenise property settings. Therefore, 
	one uses ':' between name and value instead of '='. Finally, since inigo
	is run from the shell, one must enclose the URL within single quotes to 
	prevent shell filename expansion, or similar.
	
	Needless to say, the ability to parameterise westley XML compositions is
	an extremely powerful tool. An example for you to play with is available in 
	demo/entity.westley. Try overriding the name from inigo:
	inigo 'westley:entity.westley?name:Charlie'
	
	Technically, the entity declaration is not needed in the head of the XML
	document if you always supply the parameter. However, you run the risk
	of unpredictable behviour without one. Therefore, it is safest and a best
	practice to always supply an entity declaration. It is improves the 
	readability as one does not need to search for the entity references to 
	see what parameters are available.
	

Tips and Technique:

	If one finds the above hierarchical, abbreviated format intuitive,
	start with a simple template and fill and extend as needed:
	    <westley>
	      <multitrack>
	        <playlist>
	        </playlist>
	        ...add a playlist for each track...
	      </multitrack>
	      ...add filters and transitions...
	    </westley>
	    
	By using a playlist for each track, it is easier to iteratively add new 
	clips and blank regions as you develop the project. You will not have to
	use <track> or later add <playlist> when necessary.
	
	A more advanced template that allows sequencing multitracks is:
	    <playlist>
	      <entry>
	        <multitrack>
	          <playlist>
	          </playlist>
	          ...add a playlist for each track...
	        </multitrack>
	        ...add filters and transitions...
	      </entry>
	      
	      <entry>
	        <multitrack>
	          <playlist>
	          </playlist>
	          ...add a playlist for each track...
	        </multitrack>
	        ...add filters and transitions...
	      </entry>
	    </playlist>

	If you end up making a collection of templates for various situations, then
	consider using XML Entities to make the template more effective by moving
	anything that should parameterised into an entity.

	If you want to have a silent, black background for audio and video fades,
	then make the top track simply <producer mlt_service="colour"/>. Then,
	use composite and volume effects. See the "Fade from/to black/silence"
	demo for an example (demo/mlt_fade_black).
	
	If you apply the reverse=1 property to a transition like "luma," then
	be careful because it also inherently swaps the roles of A and B tracks.
	Therefore, you need to might need to swap the a_track and b_track values
	if it did not turn out the way you expected. See the "Clock in and out"
	for an example (demo/mlt_clock_in_and_out).
