Exposing Objects Outside This File
Prev | Chapter 6. Common Examples | Next

## Exposing Objects Outside This File

If our objects contained more information, it might not be sufficient to copy the information in and out: other parts of the code might want to keep pointers to these objects, for example, rather than looking up the id every time. This produces two problems.

The first problem is that we use the cache_lock to protect objects: we'd need to make this non-static so the rest of the code can use it. This makes locking trickier, as it is no longer all in one place.

The second problem is the lifetime problem: if another structure keeps a pointer to an object, it presumably expects that pointer to remain valid. Unfortunately, this is only guaranteed while you hold the lock, otherwise someone might call `cache_delete` and even worse, add another object, re-using the same address.

As there is only one lock, you can't hold it forever: no-one else would get any work done.

The solution to this problem is to use a reference count: everyone who has a pointer to the object increases it when they first get the object, and drops the reference count when they're finished with it. Whoever drops it to zero knows it is unused, and can actually delete it.

Here is the code:

    --- cache.c.interrupt	2003-12-09 14:25:43.000000000 +1100
    +++ cache.c.refcnt	2003-12-09 14:33:05.000000000 +1100
    @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
     struct object
     {
             struct list_head list;
    +        unsigned int refcnt;
             int id;
             char name[32];
             int popularity;
    @@ -17,6 +18,35 @@
     static unsigned int cache_num = 0;
     #define MAX_CACHE_SIZE 10

    +static void __object_put(struct object *obj)
    +{
    +        if (--obj->refcnt == 0)
    +                kfree(obj);
    +}
    +
    +static void __object_get(struct object *obj)
    +{
    +        obj->refcnt++;
    +}
    +
    +void object_put(struct object *obj)
    +{
    +        unsigned long flags;
    +
    +        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
    +        __object_put(obj);
    +        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
    +}
    +
    +void object_get(struct object *obj)
    +{
    +        unsigned long flags;
    +
    +        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
    +        __object_get(obj);
    +        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
    +}
    +
     /* Must be holding cache_lock */
     static struct object *__cache_find(int id)
     {
    @@ -35,6 +65,7 @@
     {
             BUG_ON(!obj);
             list_del(&obj->list);
    +        __object_put(obj);
             cache_num--;
     }

    @@ -63,6 +94,7 @@
             strlcpy(obj->name, name, sizeof(obj->name));
             obj->id = id;
             obj->popularity = 0;
    +        obj->refcnt = 1; /* The cache holds a reference */

             spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
             __cache_add(obj);
    @@ -79,18 +111,15 @@
             spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
     }

    -int cache_find(int id, char *name)
    +struct object *cache_find(int id)
     {
             struct object *obj;
    -        int ret = -ENOENT;
             unsigned long flags;

             spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
             obj = __cache_find(id);
    -        if (obj) {
    -                ret = 0;
    -                strcpy(name, obj->name);
    -        }
    +        if (obj)
    +                __object_get(obj);
             spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
    -        return ret;
    +        return obj;
     }

We encapsulate the reference counting in the standard 'get' and 'put' functions. Now we can return the object itself from `cache_find` which has the advantage that the user can now sleep holding the object (eg. to `copy_to_user` to name to userspace).

The other point to note is that I said a reference should be held for every pointer to the object: thus the reference count is 1 when first inserted into the cache. In some versions the framework does not hold a reference count, but they are more complicated.

### Using Atomic Operations For The Reference Count

In practice, atomic_t would usually be used for `refcnt`. There are a number of atomic operations defined in `include/asm/atomic.h`: these are guaranteed to be seen atomically from all CPUs in the system, so no lock is required. In this case, it is simpler than using spinlocks, although for anything non-trivial using spinlocks is clearer. The `atomic_inc` and `atomic_dec_and_test` are used instead of the standard increment and decrement operators, and the lock is no longer used to protect the reference count itself.

    --- cache.c.refcnt	2003-12-09 15:00:35.000000000 +1100
    +++ cache.c.refcnt-atomic	2003-12-11 15:49:42.000000000 +1100
    @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
     struct object
     {
             struct list_head list;
    -        unsigned int refcnt;
    +        atomic_t refcnt;
             int id;
             char name[32];
             int popularity;
    @@ -18,33 +18,15 @@
     static unsigned int cache_num = 0;
     #define MAX_CACHE_SIZE 10

    -static void __object_put(struct object *obj)
    -{
    -        if (--obj->refcnt == 0)
    -                kfree(obj);
    -}
    -
    -static void __object_get(struct object *obj)
    -{
    -        obj->refcnt++;
    -}
    -
     void object_put(struct object *obj)
     {
    -        unsigned long flags;
    -
    -        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
    -        __object_put(obj);
    -        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
    +        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&obj->refcnt))
    +                kfree(obj);
     }

     void object_get(struct object *obj)
     {
    -        unsigned long flags;
    -
    -        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
    -        __object_get(obj);
    -        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
    +        atomic_inc(&obj->refcnt);
     }

     /* Must be holding cache_lock */
    @@ -65,7 +47,7 @@
     {
             BUG_ON(!obj);
             list_del(&obj->list);
    -        __object_put(obj);
    +        object_put(obj);
             cache_num--;
     }

    @@ -94,7 +76,7 @@
             strlcpy(obj->name, name, sizeof(obj->name));
             obj->id = id;
             obj->popularity = 0;
    -        obj->refcnt = 1; /* The cache holds a reference */
    +        atomic_set(&obj->refcnt, 1); /* The cache holds a reference */

             spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
             __cache_add(obj);
    @@ -119,7 +101,7 @@
             spin_lock_irqsave(&cache_lock, flags);
             obj = __cache_find(id);
             if (obj)
    -                __object_get(obj);
    +                object_get(obj);
             spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache_lock, flags);
             return obj;
     }

Prev | Up | Next
Accessing From Interrupt Context | Home | Protecting The Objects Themselves